问题描述：
Chinese travellers
travellers'specific culture away from home,which differs from their daily life culture by showing,for instance,different attitudes towards punctuality and cost considerations in shopping than at home,Crotts(2004:87)expects accordingly that'individuals will likely take into account the degree of similarities and differences of the countries they travel to and adapt to the environment in an effort to minimize potential friction during their leisure trip'.For Chineseoutbound tourists,a changed shopping behaviour is certainly observable,an adoption of or even immersion into the host culture less so.
The foundation for most cross-cultural research is the work of hofstede(1980;2001;hofstede,hofstede 2005).he developed,with the help of large-scale samples starting in the 1970s,cultural index scores for five constructs:Power distance,Uncertainty avoidance,Individualism/Collectivism,Masculinity/Feminity and,as a later addition,Long-term/Short-term orientation,which he contends distinguish people from various nations effectively.There dimensions are acquired through'mental programming',learned patterns of thinking,feeling and potential acting.Three levels of uniqueness are distinguished:the inherited universal human nature,the learned culture apecific to certain societies or groups within a society,and the inherited and learned individual personality(Hofstede,Hofstede2005:4).
table 5.9 Hofstede's five cultural dimensions wit scores for China,Japan,USA and Switzerland
1.Power distance:the extent to which the less powerful menber of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally
2.Uncertainty avoidance:the extent to which a culture programmes its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfotable in unstructured situations and tries to control the uncontrollable
3.Individualism:the degree to which individuals are supposed to look after themselves or remain integrated into groups(Collectivism)
4.Masculinity:refers to the distribution of emotional roles between the genders,it opposes'tough'masculinity to 'tender'feminity
5.Long-term orientation:refers to the extent to which a culture
programmes its members to accept delayed gratification of their
material,social and emotional needs.
问题解答：
中国游客
travellers'specific文化离家出走，不同于日常生活中的文化展示，比如，不同的态度准时和成本的考虑，在商场比在家里， crotts （ 2004:87 ）预计，因此that'individuals将可能会顾及程度的异同所在国的旅行，以适应环境的努力，以尽量减少可能的摩擦，在其休闲之旅' 。 chineseoutbound游客，改变了购物行为，肯定是有瞄头，领养的，甚至沉浸到东道国文化的不足。
该基金会对大多数跨文化研究的是工作霍夫斯塔德（ 1980年， 2001年;霍夫斯塔德，霍夫斯塔德2005 ） 。他发展，借助大型样本出发，在20世纪70年代，文化，指数分数为5个构造：权力距离，不确定性规避，个人主义/集体主义，男性/女性柔美，并作为后来此外， long-term/short-term方向，而他争辩分辨来自不同国家effectively.there尺寸后天through'mental编程' ，学到思维方式，感受和潜在acting.three水平的惟一区别：继承了人类的普遍性质，但学到文化apecific某些社会或群体，一个社会，并继承和了解，个人人格（霍夫斯塔德， hofstede2005 ： 4 ） 。
表5.9霍夫斯塔德的五个文化层面束手无策分数为中国，日本，美国和瑞士
1.power距离：在何种程度上不那么强大menber一个社会的接受，并期望权力分配不均
2.uncertainty规避：在何种程度上的文化方案，其成员要么觉得不舒服或comfotable非结构化的情况，并试图控制不可控制
3.individualism ：在何种程度上的个人是为了照顾自己或留融入群体（集体）
4.masculinity ：是指把分布在情感角色，两性之间，它opposes'tough'masculinity ' tender'feminity
5.long长远定位：是指在何种程度上的文化
方案及其成员接受延迟满足自己的
物质，社会和情感的需求。
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楼上一看就是在线翻译!!
太长了!不好意思,没时间啊
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