问题描述：
急求关于纽约景点的英文介绍！
比如自由女神像，纽约中央公园，百老汇，洛克菲勒中心等！非常非常急！
问题解答：
下面都是用维基百科查到的，内容权威，维基上分类介绍也很多，限于篇幅没有全部贴上来，只是贴了总体介绍，如还有需要可以去维基英文网站查找
自由女神像 Status of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty (French: Statue de la Liberté), or, more formally, Liberty Enlightening the World (French: La liberté éclairant le monde), was presented to the United States by the people of France in 1886. Standing on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, it welcomes visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans traveling by ship. The copper-clad statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence and was given to the United States to represent the friendship established during the American Revolution.Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the statue and obtained a U.S. patent for its structure. Maurice Koechlin - chief engineer of Gustave Eiffel's engineering company and designer of the Eiffel Tower - engineered the internal structure. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the repoussé technique, where a malleable metal is hammered on the reverse side.
The statue is of a robed woman holding a torch, and is made of a sheeting of pure copper, hung on a framework of steel (originally puddled iron) with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf (originally made of copper and later altered to hold glass panes.) It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal with a foundation in the shape of an irregular eleven-pointed star. The statue is 151 ft (46 m) tall, but with the pedestal and foundation, it is 305 ft (93 m) tall.
Worldwide, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the United States[10] and was, from 1886 until the jet age, often one of the first glimpses of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe. Visually, the Statue of Liberty appears to draw inspiration from il Sancarlone or the Colossus of Rhodes.
The statue is the central part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, administered by the National Park Service.
The general appearance of the statue’s head approximates the Roman Sun-god Apollo or the Greek Sun-god Helios as preserved on an ancient marble tablet (today in the Archaeological Museum of Corinth, Corinth, Greece) - Apollo was represented as a solar deity, dressed in a similar robe and having on its head a "radiate crown" with the seven spiked rays of the Helios-Apollo's sun rays, like the Statue's nimbus or halo. The ancient Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was a statue of Helios with a radiate crown. The Colossus is referred to in the 1883 sonnet The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus. Lazarus's poem was later engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the Statue of Liberty in 1903.
The statue, also known affectionately as "Lady Liberty", has become a symbol of freedom and democracy. She welcomed arriving immigrants, who could see the statue as they arrived in the United States. There is a version of the statue in France given by the United States in return.
The classical appearance (Roman stola, sandals, facial expression) derives from Libertas, ancient Rome's goddess of freedom from slavery, oppression, and tyranny. Her raised right foot is on the move. This symbol of Liberty and Freedom is not standing still or at attention in the harbor, it is moving forward, as her left foot tramples broken shackles at her feet, in symbolism of the United States' wish to be free from oppression and tyranny. The seven spikes on the crown epitomize the Seven Seas and seven continents.Her torch signifies enlightenment. The tablet in her hand represents knowledge and shows the date of the United States Declaration of Independence, in roman numerals, July IV, MDCCLXXVI.
纽约中央公园 Central Park
Central Park is a large public, urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually. Most of the areas immediately adjacent to the park are known for impressive buildings and valuable real estate. Central Park has been a National Historic Landmark since 1963.
The park is maintained by the Central Park Conservancy and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and architect Calvert Vaux. While much of the park looks natural, it is in fact almost entirely landscaped. It contains several natural-looking lakes and ponds, extensive walking tracks, two ice-skating rinks, the Central Park Zoo, the Central Park Conservatory Garden, a wildlife sanctuary, a large area of natural woods, a reservoir with an encircling running track, and the outdoor Delacorte Theater which hosts the "Shakespeare in the Park" summer festivals.
The park also serves as an oasis for migrating birds.
百老汇 Broadway
Broadway, as the name implies, is a wide avenue in New York City. While New York has several other Broadways, in the context of the city it usually refers to the Manhattan street. It is the oldest north-south main thoroughfare in the city, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement. The name Broadway is an English translation of the Dutch name, Breede weg. A stretch of Broadway is famous as the pinnacle of the American theater industry.
洛克菲勒中心 Rockefeller Center
Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres (89,000 m2) between 48th and 51st streets in New York City. Built by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan, spanning between Fifth Avenue and Seventh Avenue. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.It is the largest privately held complex of its kind in the world, and an international symbol of modernist architectural style blended with capitalism.
New York City (officially the City of New York) is the largest city in the United States and one of the world's major global cities. Located in the state of New York, the city has a population of over 8.2 million within an area of 321 square miles (approximately 830 km²), making it the most densely populated major city in North America. With a population of 18.7 million, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the largest urban areas in the world,
New York City is an international center for business, finance, fashion, medicine, entertainment, media, and culture, with an extraordinary collection of museums, galleries, performance venues, media outlets, international corporations, and financial markets. The city is also home to the headquarters of the United Nations, and to many of the world's most famous skyscrapers.
Popularly known as the "Big Apple" and the "City That Never Sleeps", the city attracts people from all over the globe who come for New York City's economic opportunity, culture, and fast-paced cosmopolitan lifestyle. The city is also currently distinguished for having the lowest crime rate among major American cities.
Prehistory in the area began with the geological formation of the peculiar territory of what is today New York City. The area was long inhabited by the Lenape; Lenape in canoes met Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first European explorer to enter New York Harbor, in 1524. Giovanni da Verrazzano named this place New Angoulême in the honor of the French king Francis I. European settlement began with the founding of the Dutch fur trading settlement in Lower Manhattan in 1613 later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam) in the southern tip of Manhattan in 1624. Later in 1626, Peter Minuit established a long tradition of shrewd real estate investing when he purchased Manhattan Island and Staten Island from native people in exchange for trade goods. (Legend, now long disproved, has it that the island was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.) Minuit's settlement was also a haven for Huguenots seeking religious liberty.
In 1640, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed governor, and ruled as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. He curtailed the city's religious freedoms and closed all of the city's taverns. The colony was granted self-government in 1652. In 1664, the British conquered the area and renamed it New York. The Dutch regained it in August 1673, renaming the city "New Orange", before ceding New Netherland permanently to the English for what is now Surinam in November 1674.
In detail, the New York City region is highly varied topographically (Fig. 15.16). However, two linear topographic trends predominate: one that runs north-northeast, the other northeast (Fig. 15.17). The northnortheast trend is manifest in Manhattan and the Bronx by a series of more or less parallel, elongate ridges and valleys. Also, for much of their length, the Hudson, Harlem, and East rivers, the Palisades cliffs along the west shore of the Hudson, and Todt Hill, the central, high spine of Staten Island, follow this trend. The other, northeast trend is formed by an abrupt junction between the billy sections of northern Brooklyn and Queens and the gently sloping, almost flat areas to the southeast. It is also present, but less clearly, in the southeast margin of the hills of southeast Staten Island. The north-northeast trend is, for the most part, the result of differential erosion of tilted or folded rocks whose general orientation parallels that of the Appalachian Mountains and whose configuration is the result of the deforming stresses that created the Appalachians over hundreds of millions of years (Fig. 15.18). Gently plunging folds composed of gneisses, schists, and marble underlie Manhattan and the Bronx (Fig. 15.19). The marble is much less resistant to erosion than the gneisses and schists, and underlies valleys, lowlands, and river channels (the Jerome Avenue Valley, the low area of Harlem, the East and Harlem rivers). The gneisses and schists form highlands or ridges: the main spine of Manhattan, Washington Heights, Riverdale, and Fordham Heights. The Palisades are the result of differential erosion of tilted diabase, a tough, dark, igneous rock that forms the cliffs, and less resistant shales and sandstones above and beneath the diabase. The serpentine which composes Todt Hill, the highest point on Staten Island, is similarly tougher and more resistant to erosion than are adjacent sedimentary rocks. In several places in Manhattan and the Bronx, valleys and portions of river channels that run north to northwest interrupt the trend. These features follow differentially eroded fault zones. In fault zones, the rock is highly fractured, and thus much more accessible to weathering and erosion than nearby, unfaulted rocks. Examples (Fig. 15.19) include the Dyckman Street fault valley in northern Manhattan, which cuts through Washington Heights; the 125th Street fault, which underlies the center of the valley between Columbia University on Morningside Heights and the College of the City of New York on Saint Nicholas Heights; the north-south portion of the channel of the Harlem River; and the channel which separates Randalls Island from the Bronx. The northeast trend roughly parallels the orientation of the length of Long Island and the strike of the sedimentary layers and the glacial moraines that compose the island. Brooklyn and Queens at the western end of Long Island are underlain by sedimentary layers that strike northeast and are inclined gently to the southeast (Figs. 15.18 and 15.20). These layers appear at or near the surface in the vicinity of Long Island Sound, where differential erosion has left relatively tough sands and clays at elevations of more than 60 feet above sea level. Streams flowing northward into the Sound carved a series of short, steep valleys which, subsequently widened and deepened by glacial erosion and flooded by rising sea level, formed a series of embayments (Flushing Bay, Little Neck Bay). Resting on top of these sands and clays and forming the highest elevations is a belt of glacially deposited debris composed of an unsorted, unstratified mixture of boulders, sand, silt, and clay. This debris was deposited in the interval between 75,000 and 17,000 years ago when the area was covered by a massive sheet of glacial ice. In the vicinity of New York, the ice was moving in a generally southerly direction, bringing with it a huge load of detached bedrock, sediment, and soil that it had scoured from more northerly regions. This rocky debris was dumped as the periphery of the glacier melted, forming a belt of hills known as a terminal moraine. Localities such as Forest Hills, Kew Gardens Hills, Park Slope, Prospect Park, Ridgewood and Bay Ridge rest on the terminal moraine. A continuation of the moraine and the underlying inclined sedimentary layers forms the southernmost hills of Staten Island. Sloping gently southeastward from the edge of the terminal moraine in Brooklyn and Queens is an apron of sediment (outwash plain) that slopes very gently toward the Atlantic Ocean. This rests on the underlying inclined sedimentary layers, and was formed through the accumulation of sand, silt, and mud deposited by streams carrying away meltwaters from the glacial ice. The sharp edge between terminal moraine and outwash plain constitutes the major element of the northeast trend. Along the Atlantic shore, loose sediment has been thrown shoreward by waves and carried westward by longshore cur-rents to form a series of barrier islands and spits, most notably Rockaway Peninsula and Coney Island. These sandy bars protect bodies of quiet, lagoonal water such as Jamaica Bay. An understanding of the broad geomorphic framework upon which New York is built-the comparative resistance to erosion of the different rock and sediment types, their structural (geometric) configuration, the processes which operate on them, the general sequence of geologic eventsprovides the observer with a new sense of environment, another means of "finding one's way around." Rocky outcrops are not necessary as signposts: the slope of the land penetrates consciousness through the thickest layers of concrete, bricks, and asphalt. A walk or drive "uptown" (north) or "downtown" (south) in Manhattan or the Bronx is almost inevitably along or across ridges and valleys. Where the drop of the ground is pronounced, as at the 125th Street fault-valley, the subway lines, seeking to remain level, emerge from underground and proceed along trestles. In Brooklyn, the "F" train's elevated route is interrupted as it plunges into a tunnel that burrows through the terminal moraine. Many parks and cemeteries are located where the land was too steep for easy farming or subsequent urbanization. Momingside, St. Nicholas, Colonial, High Bridge, Fort Tryon, and part of Inwood parks occupy steep ground where the schists of the Manhattan Formation rise above the weak Inwood Marble (Fig. 15.19). In Brooklyn and Queens, Greenwood Cemetery, the northern parts of Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Botanic Gardens, Cypress Hills and adjacent cemeteries, Forest Park, and the southern parts of Cunningham and Alley parks all lie along the crest of the terminal moraine (Fig. 15.20). Natural creeks, subsequently much modified, have also become the sites of parks (Flushing Creek, Alley Creek, Bronx River) as have outlying marshy areas reclaimed through sanitary landfill: for example, Marine, Canarsie, and Spring Creek parks around the edge of Jamaica Bay. The precipitous cliffs of the Palisades across the Hudson River are highly visible from many places in Manhattan and the Bronx: when looking westward down crosstown (east-west) streets; from Riverside Park; from tall buildings; when driving along highways on the east side of the Hudson River (Fig. 15.19). Topographic barriers result in departures from the grid pattern of streets. Note how Dyckman Street, 125th Street, and Broadway are adjusted to the exigencies of the terrain (Fig. 15.21). A host of small details of New York's geological landscape are ubiquitous, especially in the city's numerous parks. Glacial erratics (large boulders deposited by glaciers) suggest the enormous power of moving ice (Fig. 15.22A). Glacial striations and grooves and lopsided, glacially carved bed- rock hills indicate the direction of glacial movement (Fig. 15.22B). In Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx is found the southernmost example in eastern North America of a "rockbound" coast, replete with storm-eroded headlands and tiny, sheltered bays. Sand dunes, beaches, and tidal inlets and flats at Plumb Beach in brooklyn present another type of coastal expression. The geologic and geomorphic setting of New York is clearly manifest in numerous ways: directly visible in parks and along many waterfronts; directly felt and seen in the changing slope of the land; indirectly experienced in land-use decisions and the geometry of the city plan. Knowledge of the geology of this area provides a constant stream of opportunities for identification with larger natural frameworks of space and time. - David Leveson.
New York City (officially the City of New York) is the largest city in the United States and one of the world's major global cities. Located in the state of New York, the city has a population of over 8.2 million within an area of 321 square miles (approximately 830 km²), making it the most densely populated major city in North America. With a population of 18.7 million, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the largest urban areas in the world,
New York City is an international center for business, finance, fashion, medicine, entertainment, media, and culture, with an extraordinary collection of museums, galleries, performance venues, media outlets, international corporations, and financial markets. The city is also home to the headquarters of the United Nations, and to many of the world's most famous skyscrapers.
Popularly known as the "Big Apple" and the "City That Never Sleeps", the city attracts people from all over the globe who come for New York City's economic opportunity, culture, and fast-paced cosmopolitan lifestyle. The city is also currently distinguished for having the lowest crime rate among major American cities.
Prehistory in the area began with the geological formation of the peculiar territory of what is today New York City. The area was long inhabited by the Lenape; Lenape in canoes met Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first European explorer to enter New York Harbor, in 1524. Giovanni da Verrazzano named this place New Angoulême in the honor of the French king Francis I. European settlement began with the founding of the Dutch fur trading settlement in Lower Manhattan in 1613 later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam) in the southern tip of Manhattan in 1624. Later in 1626, Peter Minuit established a long tradition of shrewd real estate investing when he purchased Manhattan Island and Staten Island from native people in exchange for trade goods. (Legend, now long disproved, has it that the island was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.) Minuit's settlement was also a haven for Huguenots seeking religious liberty.
In 1640, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed governor, and ruled as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. He curtailed the city's religious freedoms and closed all of the city's taverns. The colony was granted self-government in 1652. In 1664, the British conquered the area and renamed it New York. The Dutch regained it in August 1673, renaming the city "New Orange", before ceding New Netherland permanently to the English for what is now Surinam in November 1674.
In detail, the New York City region is highly varied topographically (Fig. 15.16). However, two linear topographic trends predominate: one that runs north-northeast, the other northeast (Fig. 15.17). The northnortheast trend is manifest in Manhattan and the Bronx by a series of more or less parallel, elongate ridges and valleys. Also, for much of their length, the Hudson, Harlem, and East rivers, the Palisades cliffs along the west shore of the Hudson, and Todt Hill, the central, high spine of Staten Island, follow this trend. The other, northeast trend is formed by an abrupt junction between the billy sections of northern Brooklyn and Queens and the gently sloping, almost flat areas to the southeast. It is also present, but less clearly, in the southeast margin of the hills of southeast Staten Island. The north-northeast trend is, for the most part, the result of differential erosion of tilted or folded rocks whose general orientation parallels that of the Appalachian Mountains and whose configuration is the result of the deforming stresses that created the Appalachians over hundreds of millions of years (Fig. 15.18). Gently plunging folds composed of gneisses, schists, and marble underlie Manhattan and the Bronx (Fig. 15.19). The marble is much less resistant to erosion than the gneisses and schists, and underlies valleys, lowlands, and river channels (the Jerome Avenue Valley, the low area of Harlem, the East and Harlem rivers). The gneisses and schists form highlands or ridges: the main spine of Manhattan, Washington Heights, Riverdale, and Fordham Heights. The Palisades are the result of differential erosion of tilted diabase, a tough, dark, igneous rock that forms the cliffs, and less resistant shales and sandstones above and beneath the diabase. The serpentine which composes Todt Hill, the highest point on Staten Island, is similarly tougher and more resistant to erosion than are adjacent sedimentary rocks. In several places in Manhattan and the Bronx, valleys and portions of river channels that run north to northwest interrupt the trend. These features follow differentially eroded fault zones. In fault zones, the rock is highly fractured, and thus much more accessible to weathering and erosion than nearby, unfaulted rocks. Examples (Fig. 15.19) include the Dyckman Street fault valley in northern Manhattan, which cuts through Washington Heights; the 125th Street fault, which underlies the center of the valley between Columbia University on Morningside Heights and the College of the City of New York on Saint Nicholas Heights; the north-south portion of the channel of the Harlem River; and the channel which separates Randalls Island from the Bronx. The northeast trend roughly parallels the orientation of the length of Long Island and the strike of the sedimentary layers and the glacial moraines that compose the island. Brooklyn and Queens at the western end of Long Island are underlain by sedimentary layers that strike northeast and are inclined gently to the southeast (Figs. 15.18 and 15.20). These layers appear at or near the surface in the vicinity of Long Island Sound, where differential erosion has left relatively tough sands and clays at elevations of more than 60 feet above sea level. Streams flowing northward into the Sound carved a series of short, steep valleys which, subsequently widened and deepened by glacial erosion and flooded by rising sea level, formed a series of embayments (Flushing Bay, Little Neck Bay). Resting on top of these sands and clays and forming the highest elevations is a belt of glacially deposited debris composed of an unsorted, unstratified mixture of boulders, sand, silt, and clay. This debris was deposited in the interval between 75,000 and 17,000 years ago when the area was covered by a massive sheet of glacial ice. In the vicinity of New York, the ice was moving in a generally southerly direction, bringing with it a huge load of detached bedrock, sediment, and soil that it had scoured from more northerly regions. This rocky debris was dumped as the periphery of the glacier melted, forming a belt of hills known as a terminal moraine. Localities such as Forest Hills, Kew Gardens Hills, Park Slope, Prospect Park, Ridgewood and Bay Ridge rest on the terminal moraine. A continuation of the moraine and the underlying inclined sedimentary layers forms the southernmost hills of Staten Island. Sloping gently southeastward from the edge of the terminal moraine in Brooklyn and Queens is an apron of sediment (outwash plain) that slopes very gently toward the Atlantic Ocean. This rests on the underlying inclined sedimentary layers, and was formed through the accumulation of sand, silt, and mud deposited by streams carrying away meltwaters from the glacial ice. The sharp edge between terminal moraine and outwash plain constitutes the major element of the northeast trend. Along the Atlantic shore, loose sediment has been thrown shoreward by waves and carried westward by longshore cur-rents to form a series of barrier islands and spits, most notably Rockaway Peninsula and Coney Island. These sandy bars protect bodies of quiet, lagoonal water such as Jamaica Bay. An understanding of the broad geomorphic framework upon which New York is built-the comparative resistance to erosion of the different rock and sediment types, their structural (geometric) configuration, the processes which operate on them, the general sequence of geologic eventsprovides the observer with a new sense of environment, another means of "finding one's way around." Rocky outcrops are not necessary as signposts: the slope of the land penetrates consciousness through the thickest layers of concrete, bricks, and asphalt. A walk or drive "uptown" (north) or "downtown" (south) in Manhattan or the Bronx is almost inevitably along or across ridges and valleys. Where the drop of the ground is pronounced, as at the 125th Street fault-valley, the subway lines, seeking to remain level, emerge from underground and proceed along trestles. In Brooklyn, the "F" train's elevated route is interrupted as it plunges into a tunnel that burrows through the terminal moraine. Many parks and cemeteries are located where the land was too steep for easy farming or subsequent urbanization. Momingside, St. Nicholas, Colonial, High Bridge, Fort Tryon, and part of Inwood parks occupy steep ground where the schists of the Manhattan Formation rise above the weak Inwood Marble (Fig. 15.19). In Brooklyn and Queens, Greenwood Cemetery, the northern parts of Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Botanic Gardens, Cypress Hills and adjacent cemeteries, Forest Park, and the southern parts of Cunningham and Alley parks all lie along the crest of the terminal moraine (Fig. 15.20). Natural creeks, subsequently much modified, have also become the sites of parks (Flushing Creek, Alley Creek, Bronx River) as have outlying marshy areas reclaimed through sanitary landfill: for example, Marine, Canarsie, and Spring Creek parks around the edge of Jamaica Bay. The precipitous cliffs of the Palisades across the Hudson River are highly visible from many places in Manhattan and the Bronx: when looking westward down crosstown (east-west) streets; from Riverside Park; from tall buildings; when driving along highways on the east side of the Hudson River (Fig. 15.19). Topographic barriers result in departures from the grid pattern of streets. Note how Dyckman Street, 125th Street, and Broadway are adjusted to the exigencies of the terrain (Fig. 15.21). A host of small details of New York's geological landscape are ubiquitous, especially in the city's numerous parks. Glacial erratics (large boulders deposited by glaciers) suggest the enormous power of moving ice (Fig. 15.22A). Glacial striations and grooves and lopsided, glacially carved bed- rock hills indicate the direction of glacial movement (Fig. 15.22B). In Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx is found the southernmost example in eastern North America of a "rockbound" coast, replete with storm-eroded headlands and tiny, sheltered bays. Sand dunes, beaches, and tidal inlets and flats at Plumb Beach in brooklyn present another type of coastal expression. The geologic and geomorphic setting of New York is clearly manifest in numerous ways: directly visible in parks and along many waterfronts; directly felt and seen in the changing slope of the land; indirectly experienced in land-use decisions and the geometry of the city plan. Knowledge of the geology of this area provides a constant stream of opportunities for identification with larger natural frameworks of space and time. - David Leveson.
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